Taxonomy and Survey on Cybersecurity Control Schemes
for Smart Grids

ABSTRACT
This article presents a comprehensive taxonomy and survey of Cybersecurity Control Schemes (CCS) tailored for Smart Grids
(SG), with a particular focus on vulnerabilities in the IEC 61850 standard and the countermeasures provided by IEC 62351. The
taxonomy introduces four main dimensions to analyse 25 tailored CCS for SG, covering research from 2013 to 2023. It establishes classification criteria that encompass: (i) deployment strategies, categorised into five levels based on SG supervision
hierarchy; (ii) security mechanisms, including prevention, detection and response mechanisms; (iii) mitigated threats, such as
False Data Injection (FDI), Denial‐of‐Service (DoS), masquerade attacks, replay attacks, data tampering; and (iv) protected
applications within the power system domain, such as supervisory, protection, and control applications, time synchronisation
and synchrophasor data applications. The survey evaluates CCS characteristics aligned with IEC 61850 and IEC 62351 standards
and provides a structured analysis of CCS deployment, commonly used data parameters, security mechanisms and response
actions for mitigating cyberthreats in SG. Finally, by integrating lessons from industry standards, academic research and
practical considerations, this study identifies open challenges and outlines future research opportunities to enhance CCS
robustness. The findings offer actionable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to strengthen the cybersecurity of SG
systems

Aldo Insfrán,Fabio López‐Pires, Benjamín Barán.

Facultad Politécnica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay | 2
Dirección Técnica, ITAIPU Binacional, Hernandarias,
Paraguay | 3
Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad Internacional Tres Fronteras, Hernandarias, Paraguay | 4
Facultad de Informática, Universidad
Comunera, Asunción, Paraguay

Funding: Aldo Insfrán is a PhD candidate supported by funding from ITAIPU Binacional.

IET Smart Grid